Authored by Antonio Graceffo via The Epoch Times,
The world’s two largest economies are once again battling for dominance.

In the latest exchange between U.S. President Donald Trump and Chinese leader Xi Jinping, Beijing is using financial markets as leverage in the trade war, betting that a sustained downturn might pressure Trump to compromise.
The
Trump administration, however, has made clear it will not adjust its
policies based on stock fluctuations, insisting negotiations will
proceed only on terms that serve America’s economic interests.
This trade war is part two, a rematch of the contest fought between the two leaders.
What follows is a round-by-round look at how the renewed U.S.–China trade war is unfolding.
Round 1 (February–April)
Trump
opened his second term with aggressive tariffs, imposing a 10 percent
duty on all Chinese imports in February, citing trade deficits and
fentanyl concerns. By early April, he escalated further, announcing
sweeping reciprocal tariffs that sent rates on Chinese goods soaring to
145 percent, effectively an embargo.
Beijing countered with 125
percent tariffs on U.S. exports, targeting agricultural machinery, coal,
and liquefied natural gas, while also launching an antitrust probe into
Google, signaling its readiness to use regulatory power as a weapon.
Global markets plunged as recession fears
grew and supply chains faltered. For months, investors and consumers
held their breath, slowing the world economy. By midyear, talk of a
truce surfaced, but neither side was ready to yield, leaving global
commerce suspended in uncertainty as the trade war entered its next
phase.
Round 2 (May)
After months of bruising exchanges, both sides met in Geneva, Switzerland. On May 12, the White House announced a “historic trade win”: tariffs would be cut by 115 percent, leaving a 10 percent baseline during a 90-day truce.
The effective U.S. tariff on Chinese goods fell from 145 percent to 30
percent, while China’s rate on U.S. goods dropped from 125 percent to 10
percent.
The truce was extended twice, moving the deadline to
Nov. 10. During this period, Trump struck new trade frameworks with
other partners and added
more Chinese companies to export control lists—42 in March and 23 in
September. China’s exports to the United States fell 27 percent
year-on-year in September, but overall exports dropped 8.3 percent as it
diversified toward Europe and other markets.
In August, Trump
approved Nvidia’s H20 chip sales to China in exchange for a 15 percent
revenue cut. At around the same time, Washington expanded export
restrictions, blacklisting thousands of Chinese companies.
Beijing
retaliated in September by accusing Nvidia of antitrust violations,
prompting Trump to tighten controls further by adding subsidiaries of
already-sanctioned companies.
Round 3 (Late September)
On
Sept. 19, Trump and Xi spoke by phone, and Trump said they agreed to
meet at the APEC summit in South Korea in October. Beijing has yet to
confirm whether Xi will attend.
Just days later, on Sept. 29, Washington again expanded its export control list, which substantially increased the number of Chinese entities affected.
Round 4 (Oct. 9)
Beijing
retaliated by announcing sweeping export controls on rare earth
elements, effective Dec. 1. The measures expanded licensing for 12 of
the 17 rare earth metals and restricted the export of refining equipment
and related technologies. Foreign companies would be required to obtain
licenses for any product containing more than 0.1 percent Chinese rare
earth content, with all military-related exports outright banned.
China
controls roughly 70 percent of global rare earth mining and an
estimated 93 percent of magnet production, materials essential for
electronics, semiconductors, electric vehicles, jet engines, and
advanced defense systems. The move signaled that Beijing was prepared to
weaponize its resource dominance.
Round 5 (Oct. 10)
Trump hit back within hours on Truth Social,
announcing an additional 100 percent tariff on Chinese goods, effective
Nov. 1, “over and above any Tariff that they are currently paying.” He
also threatened export controls on “any and all critical software.”
In
the same post, he called the Chinese measures an “extraordinarily
aggressive position on Trade” and “a moral disgrace in dealing with
other Nations.”
Markets plunged. The Dow fell 878 points (1.9 percent), the S&P 500 dropped 2.7 percent, and the Nasdaq tumbled 3.5 percent.
The move made clear the gloves were off, turning the trade war into a full-scale economic brawl.
Round 6 (Oct. 10)
Both
nations quickly opened a new front at sea. China imposed “special port
fees” on U.S.-built or operated ships, effective Oct. 14.
The
United States had introduced similar fees in April to discourage Chinese
vessel purchases and curb Beijing’s influence over global shipping
routes.
Round 7 (Oct. 12–13)
Verbal Sparring. As tensions
escalated, Beijing defended its rare earth export controls as
“legitimate” under international law, accusing Washington of having
double standards and “abusing” export controls. A statement from China’s
Commerce Ministry declared, “China’s position on the trade war is
consistent: we do not want it, but we are not afraid of it.”
U.S.
Treasury Secretary Scott Bessent fired back, calling China’s actions
provocative and warning, “They have pointed a bazooka at the supply
chains and the industrial base of the entire free world.”
The
exchange underscored how quickly the trade war had shifted from economic
maneuvering to open confrontation, each side wielding words as
forcefully as tariffs and sanctions.
Round 8
Bessent confirmed that U.S.–China trade talks were still alive.
Trump struck a conciliatory tone on Truth Social:
“Don’t worry about China, it will all be fine! Highly respected
President Xi just had a bad moment … The U.S.A. wants to help China, not
hurt it!!!”
Markets rebounded on hopes that the worst was over.
The
calm didn’t last. On Oct. 14, Trump reignited tensions, threatening to
halt all cooking oil trade with China over its refusal to buy American
soybeans. In a Truth Social post,
he called the move “an Economically Hostile Act.” The statement revived
fears of renewed escalation and showed how volatile the standoff
remained.
Trump and Xi are expected to meet at the APEC
summit this week, and both have a habit of escalating tensions before
negotiations, only to pull back at the last minute. The
question now is whether they’ll do so again. It’s no longer a boxing
match but a game of chicken, and whoever blinks first loses.